Category Archives: Newsworthy

A New Magnet for Electric Cars

The advent of electric cars is spawning innovations in almost every technology field including batteries, motors, wires, PCBs, electronics, and many more. Electric cars require powerful and efficient motors, and for that, magnets used in the motors must be stronger than usual.

Toyota Motor Corporation has developed a new magnet for electric motors, and they have reduced by 50% the use of critical rare-earth elements they were using so far. As the number of electric cars is set to increase rapidly in the future, Toyota is expecting this heat-resistant magnet, which uses less neodymium, will find increasing use in the electrified vehicles.

Neodymium, terbium, and dysprosium are rare-earth elements that industries popularly use when manufacturing strong magnets. Although the magnets made from these elements can operate in high-temperature conditions, they are expensive. Toyota has replaced a proportion of the neodymium in these magnets with lanthanum and cerium, as these are low-cost rare earth elements.

Manufacturers of magnets use neodymium as it provides their products with high heat resistance and coercivity—the ability to maintain magnetism at high temperatures. However, simply using less neodymium and using lanthanum and cerium instead would cause the motor to underperform. Therefore, Toyota had to adopt newer technologies to overcome the deterioration in motor performance. The result was a successful magnet with half the amount of neodymium, but equivalent levels of heat resistance and coercivity.

Toyota expects this new magnet to maintain a balance between the supply and demand of resources especially that of the valuable rare earth elements, while being useful in the expanding world of electric automobiles and robotics. Toyota is continuing in its efforts to enhance the performance further, and evaluate the use of the magnet in a greater number of products. They are also aiming to accelerate the development of technologies for mass-producing the magnets, so that different products can adopt them easily, including robots and vehicles.

Use of rare earth elements in magnets enables them to maintain magnetism even at high temperatures. For this, they require about 30% of the elements in the magnets to be of the rare earth types.

Adding neodymium in magnets makes them more powerful, but automotive applications require them to operate at high temperatures. Although adding terbium and dysprosium improves the high-temperature coercivity, it also makes the magnets more expensive. Toyota’s efforts at creating cheaper magnets with reduced use of neodymium have finally paid off.

Although at present, the production volumes of neodymium are adequate there are concerns that as the development of electrified vehicles picks up, the demand will outstrip supply. This is may become a bigger concern as electrified vehicles include hybrid electric as well as battery powered electric vehicles of all types are likely to become more popular in the future.

Toshiba uses three new technologies in their magnets to help maintain coercivity at high temperatures, even with reduced neodymium. For this, they had to refine the grains in the magnet, use two-layers of high-performance grain surfaces, and use an alloy with a specific ratio of lanthanum and cerium.

Tracking Micro-Fluidic Flows

Scientists have taken analytical chemistry to such advancements that it can detect the effects of extremely tiny amounts of liquids—triggering the requirement of a need to measure such microflow of liquids. NIST, the National Institute of Standards and Technology, has produced such a microflow measurement device, the size of a nickel, and has filed a provisional patent application for it. The device is capable of measuring movements of nanoliters (nL) of liquid per minute. A nanoliter is a billionth of a liter, a volume best understood with an analogy—if allowed to flow at one nanoliter per minute, a one-liter bottle of water would take 200 years to empty completely.

Micro-fluidics is a rapidly expanding field, where such an invention as above could fill an urgent need for critically measuring tiny flow rates precisely. For instance, medical drug-delivery pumps often need to dispense saline at the rate of tens of nanoliters per minute into the bloodstream of a patient, where 50,000 nL may be required to make up a single drop of water.

Apart from medical applications, continuous-flow micro-manufacturing, cell soring and counting, chemical research, and clinical diagnostics are some applications that require increasingly accurate measurements of very small volumes of liquids.

Current devices available on the market, even the state-of-the-art types that profess to measure flow at that scale, suffer one or numerous operational limitations. Some of them require frequent calibration, some use microscopes and other complex imaging systems, while others average the data collected over several minutes, missing out on tracking dynamic changes. Some devices cannot be traced to the International System of Units.

Greg Cooksey invented the optical microflow measurement device. He is a biomedical engineer in the Physical Measurement Laboratory at NIST. Cooksey’s device avoids the above complications. Fabricated at the Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology at NIST, the optical microflow measurement device monitors the speed of fluorescent molecules within a liquid as they flow down a channel nearly the width of a human hair. Two separate laser pulses help to determine the time interval between the responses of the molecules.

When exposed to a specific wavelength of a blue light laser, the fluorescent molecules in the liquid emit green light. In actual practice, a chemical coating modifies the molecules to prevent them from fluorescence. As the fluid travels down the micro-channel, an ultraviolet laser strips off the chemical coating of some of the molecules. At the same time, some distance away on the channel, a blue laser excites these exposed molecules to make them fluoresce. The flow rate is the time elapsed between the removing of the chemical coating and the molecules beginning to fluoresce.

According to Cooksey, the ultraviolet laser pulse, with a wavelength of 375 nm, marks the start-time reference point. Fired down an optical waveguide into the channel, the pulse hits the chemically protected fluorescent molecules moving with the stream, destroying their protective cage and turning them on to respond to excitation by light.

250 micrometers downstream in the channel, the activated molecules cross the path of a blue laser, which makes them emit green light. An optical power meter measures the change in the light intensity 250,000 times per second to estimate the time interval.

The Latest in Li-Fi

Newly developed technologies are allowing wireless networks to operate several hundred times faster than Wi-Fi—one of them is Li-Fi or Light Fidelity. Simply by switching on a light bulb, it is possible to encode data within the visible light spectrum rather than allow them to ride on radio waves as traditional wireless technologies such as Wi-Fi do.

So far, research labs had confined Li-Fi within their closed doors. Of late, however, several new products using the Li-Fi technology has started to appear on the market. While the majority of the wireless industry focused their attention on developing 5G or the fifth generation wireless technology, PureLiFi presents a new dongle for laptops and computers that uses the latest light fidelity technology. Another startup company, Oledcomm from France, offers their Internet lighting system for hospitals and offices.

Light bulbs use LEDs, which are semiconductor devices able to switch at very high speeds, unlike the incandescent or fluorescent bulbs, which are rather slow in turning on and off. Li-Fi technology interrupts the electric current through the LEDs at high speeds, making them flicker and at the same time, encoding the light they produce with parallel streams of data. The analogy here is the process is very much like producing the Morse code in a digital manner, the difference being the flickering is much faster than the human eye can follow.

Dongles, smartphones, and other devices with built-in photo detectors can receive this light encoded with data. This manner of communication is not new, as remote controls have been using this technology using infrared lights. The remote sends tiny data stream commands to toys and televisions, and they interpret the information, process it, and change their functioning accordingly. Li-Fi uses visible light spectrum, as it can reach intensities capable of transmitting much larger amounts of data than infrared light can. For instance, it is common to find Li-Fi networks operating at speeds around 200 gigabytes per second.

The only downside to Li-Fi is it works on line-of-sight. As light does not bend around corners, the transmitter and receiver must physically see each other to communicate effectively. According to Harald Haas, the professor of mobile communications who introduced the world to Li-Fi, this handicap is easy to overcome by fitting a small microchip in every potential illumination device. The microchip would serve to combine two basic functionalities in an LED light bulb—illumination and wireless data transmission—one need only place the microchip embedded LED light bulbs in sight of one another to act as repeaters in between the transmitter and the receiver.

Haas spun out PureLiFi, whose initial products had a throughput of 10 Mbits per second, making them comparable to Wi-Fi versions available at the time. Since then, PureLiFi has advanced the technology to produce LiFi-X, an access point connecting LED bulbs and dongles and providing 40 Mbits per second for both downloads and uploads speeds.

Another company from Estonia, Velmenni, has already demonstrated Li-Fi technology in their products that offer speeds around one Gbits per second. Oledcomm has developed kits for retrofitting Li-Fi into existing LED light bulbs, useful for communication within supermarkets and retail stores.

Mimicking Nerves with Memristors

Researchers are planning to build a computer mimicking the monumental computational power of the human brain. For this, they prefer to use memristors, because these devices vary their electrical resistance on the basis of the memory of their past activity. Memristors are semiconductor devices, and at NIST, the National Institute of Standards and Technology, researchers demonstrate the long and mysterious manner of the inner workings of memristors, explaining their ability to behave as the short-term memory of human nerve cells.

Nerve cells signal one another, but how well they do so depends on the frequency of their recent past communication. In the same way, the resistance of a memristor also depends on the current flow that went through it very recently. The best part is memristors remember even with their electrical power switched off.

Researchers read the memristor with the help of an electron beam. As the beam impinges on various parts of the memristor, it induces currents depending on the resistance value of that part. Traversing the entire device, this yields a complete image of variations of current throughout the device. By noticing the nature of the current variations, it is possible to indicate the places that may fail, as these show overlapping circles within the titanium dioxide filament.

So far, during their study of memristors, scientists have not been able to understand their working, and neither could they develop standard tool-sets for studying them. Now, for the first time, scientists at NIST have been able to create a tool-set that can probe the working of memristors deeply. They envisage their findings will pave the way for operating memristors more efficiently, and minimize current leaks from them.

For exploring the electrical functioning of memristors, the scientists focused a beam of electronics at various locations on the device. The beam was able to knock some of the electronics from the titanium dioxide surface of the device. The free electrons formed an ultra-sharp image of each of the locations. The beam also caused four clear-cut levels of currents to flow through the device. According to the researchers, several interfaces of materials within the memristor were the cause. Typically, a memristor has an insulating layer separating two conducting metal layers. As the researchers could control the position of the electron beam inducing the currents, they were able to know the location of each of the currents.

By imaging the device, researchers located several dark spots on the memristor. They surmised these spots to be regions of enhanced conductivity. These were the places from where there was a greater probability of currents leaking out of the memristor during its normal operations. However, they found the leaking pathways to be beyond the core of the memristor, and at points where it could switch between high and low resistance levels.

Their finding opened up a possibility of reducing the size of the device to eliminate some of the unwanted current leaking pathways. Until now, the researchers were only able to speculate on the current leakages, but had no means of quantifying the size reduction necessary.

Industrial Controls and the Raspberry Pi

Industries with control equipment prefer to use a standardized system of mounting components such as circuit breakers within equipment racks. The most popular arrangement is the DIN rail and enclosure. The rails are typically made from a cold-rolled carbon steel sheet and zinc-plated or chromated for a bright surface finish. DIN is the acronym for Deutsches Institut fur Normung in Germany, and the rest of the world has adopted their standards as the EN and IEC standards.

The famous single board computer, the Raspberry Pi (RBPi) is becoming increasingly accepted as a development platform and a suitable solution for applications involving process controls. Some of these applications involve simple HVAC controls, power management, materials management, and gas detection, among a vast range. However, moving to the industrial arena means the RBPi needs to be fitted with a DIN rail enclosure.

That is exactly what VP Process Inc. has planned. Their series Pi-SPI-DIN of products, based on the RBPi, will all be DIN rail mountable, and hence, suitable for use in the industry. Their first product in the series is the RPi-3 controller, which will work from a wide range of input voltages between 9 and 24 VDC. It will provide RS485 Interface available on RJ45 connectors and Terminal Block. It will provide the RBPi with a real-time clock and battery backup with a CR2032 battery. The user will be able to make use of all the GPIO interfaces of the RBPi as they will be available on a 16/24 pin ribbon cable connector. The DIN rail enclosure will have LED indicators, and VP Process Inc. will be offering sample test programs in C and Python. The idea behind developing the RPi-3 is to allow the RS485 interface to communicate with all the eight channel modules available from VP Process Inc.

The first of the new series from VP Process Inc. is the PI-SPI-DIN-RTC-RS485, and this will be available with DIN rail mounting hardened interfaces in three mounting versions—with DIN rail clips, DIN rail enclosures, and PCB spacers.

The wide-ranging power input accepting any voltage between 9 and 24 VDC of the unit will produce an output of 5 VDC at a maximum current of 3 Amps. There will be two GPIO connectors, one belonging to the RBPi board, and the other is external for peripherals. Another 16-pin connector will provide the power, SPI, I2C, and five chip-enables for the PI-SPI-DIN series.

Apart from the RS485 interface, VP Process Inc. is planning for other peripheral units as well. These will include the eight-channel 4-20 mA module, four-channel relay output module with contacts rated for 2 Amps, eight-channel isolated digital input module, and four-channel 4-20 mA module.

VP Process Inc. will be providing each module with two 16-pin ribbon cable sockets and cables. Each of the connectors and cables will carry the main power supply input to the main interface, SPI bus, I2C bus, and the five GPIO lines serving as chip-selects.

To maintain compatibility with non-industrial uses, VP Process Inc. will also provide each peripheral as a PCB on spacers, apart from PCB with DIN rail enclosure or DIN rail clips.

What are Digital Circuit Breakers?

We need protection from fires resulting from an electrical overload caused by a faulty device or an accidental short circuit. The huge current from the overload heats up wires and their insulation may go up in flames. There are several ways to activate this protection.

The oldest method consists of a fuse wire. Usually, this is a thin wire enclosed in a casing. The material of the fuse wire is carefully chosen to heat up and melt (blow) when a certain current level is exceeded. Melting of the wire disconnects the circuit and interrupts the current, preventing heat buildup. Once a fuse wire blows, it has to be replaced by a similar wire to continue protection and reestablish electrical operation.

Nowadays, it is common to see switchboards where the fuse holder has been replaced by a miniature circuit breaker (MCB). The device has a bi-metallic spring holding pair of mechanical contacts, which can establish connection by throwing an external switch. An electrical overload causes the bi-metallic spring to trip and the contacts open up, disconnecting the fault from the rest of the circuit. Once the fault has been cleared up, the MCB can simply be rearmed by flipping the external switch.

Although simpler to operated compared to the fuse wire, MCBs have their own disadvantages of being slow to react and expensive, with their cost going up proportional to their trip current. Over time, the bimetallic strip tends to deform, reducing the current capacity of the breaker and its accuracy. The mechanical construction of an MCB makes it prone to wear and tear.

Opening mechanical contacts to interrupt high currents often causes an arc flash to jump across the contacts. It is necessary to quench the arc flash within a short time to prevent incidence of fires.

For overcoming the above problems, using a digital circuit breaker offers the most convenient solution. The device has an all-electronic construction involving an electronically controlled automatic switch. There are no mechanical components involved, no bi-metallic strips, and no electromagnetic coils inside.

Atom Power is proposing a solid-state digital circuit breaker to replace the traditional types and thereby avoiding the related problems. Currently awaiting approval from the Underwriters Laboratory (UL), Atom Power has two models, one each for AC and DC circuits.

So far, Atom Power was producing only a few numbers of their digital circuit breakers, using their in-house 3-D printers for producing the plastic parts of the housing. With increase in production, they will use the resources of an external rapid manufacturing company, and will move to injection molding for higher volumes of commercial operations.

The Atom Switch, within the breaker, responds to a digital signal generated whenever the current exceeds a certain level, whether due to overload or short-circuits. With tripping speeds exceeding 16,000 times those of its mechanical counterparts, the arc flashes simply do not happen.

Another technique used to prevent arc flashes is to switch the device off when the AC voltage passes through zero. This is called zero voltage switching or ZVS, and is a very useful technique to prevent arcing across the open ends of the circuit.

Meca500 – The Tiny Six-Axis Robot

Although there are plenty of robots available in the market for a myriad jobs, one of the most compact, and accurate robot is the Meca500. Launched by the Quebec based Mecademic from Montreal, the manufacturers claim it is the smallest, and most precise six-axis industrialist robot arm in the market.

According to Mecademic, users can fit Meca500 easily within an already existing equipment and consider it as an automation component, much simpler than most other industrial robots are. According to the cofounder of Mecademic, Ilian Bonev, the Meca500 is very easy to use and interfaces with the equipment through Ethernet. With a fully integrated control system within its base, users will find the Meca500 more compact than other similar offerings are in the market.

Mecademic has designed, developed, and manufactured several compact and accurate six-axis industrial robot arms on the market. Meca500 is one of their latest products, the first of a new category of small industrial robots, smaller than most others are, and ultra-compact.

The first product from Mecademic was DexTar, an affordable, dual-arm academic robot. DexTar is popular in universities in the USA, France, and Canada. Although Mecademic still produces and supports DexTar on special request, they now focus exclusively on industrial robots, delivering high precision, small robot arms. With their academic origins, Mecademic has retained the predilection of their passion for creativity and innovation, and for sharing their knowledge.

With the production of Meca500, a multipurpose industrial robot, Mecademic has stepped into Industry 4.0, and earned for itself a place in the highly automated and non-standard automated industry. With Meca500, Mecademic offers a robotic system that expands the horizons for additional possibilities of automation, as users can control the robot from their phone or tablet.

This exciting new robotic system from Mecademic, the Meca500 features an extremely small size, only half as small as the size of the smallest industrial robot presently available in the market. Meca500 is very compact, as the controller is integrated within its base and there is no teaching pendant. The precision and path accuracy of the robot is less than 5 microns, and it is capable of doing the most complex tasks with ease.

Applications for Meca500 can only be limited by the users’ imagination. For instance, present applications for the tiny robot include a wide range, such as animal microsurgery, pick and place, testing and inspection, and precision assembly.

Several industry sectors are currently using Meca500. These include entertainment, aeronautics, cosmetics, automotive, pharmaceuticals and health, watchmaking, and electronics. Users can integrate the compact robot within any environment, such as their existing production line or even as stand-alone system in their laboratories.

The new category of robots from Mecademic is already smaller, more compact, and more precise than other robots are in the market. Mecademic’s plans for the future include offering more space saving, more accurate, and easier to integrate industrial robots. They envisage this will enable new applications, new discoveries, new products, new medical treatments, and many more. Their plan is now to build a greater range of compact precision robots while becoming a leading manufacturer of industrial robots.

BrailleBox with the Raspberry Pi

Reading, whether online or from the page of a book is a simple affair for those endowed with the power of sight. However, for those who are sightless, or have lost their eyesight, totally or partially, reading can be cumbersome, if not impossible. The Braille system, by allowing a changeover to the sense of touch, helps sight-impaired people to read.

Braille uses a system of raised dots that blind or those with low vision can follow with their fingertips. It is not a separate language, but rather a code for representing individual alphabets of a language. So far, the Braille system covers several languages, including Chinese, Arabic, Spanish, English, and dozens of others. Thousands of people all over the world use the Braille system of dots in their native language, providing a means of literacy for all.

The main code for reading materials in the US is the Unified English Braille, and seven other English-speaking countries use this code.

As such, Braille is useful when the material is in printed form. However, the challenge lies in reading online material. Although text-to-speech software packages are available, they are expensive and not very useful when the reader, say, wants to move back and forth while reading.

As a solution to the above problem, Joe Birch has built BrailleBox, a simple device to convert online news stories to Braille. His BrailleBox works with Android Things, News API, and the popular single board computer, the Raspberry Pi 3 or RBPi3.

Being a symbol system for people with visual impairment, the Braille system consists of letters and numbers as raised points in an array. Commercial systems are available and they produce Braille dynamically, but they are very expensive and out of reach of most people. Therefore, Joe built a low-cost alternative, the BrailleBox, which is simple to create.

Joe uses the News API as a tool that fetches jSON metadata from more than 70 news sources online. The API can integrate articles or headlines into text-based applications and websites.

The Braille system uses an array of six dots arranged in an array of three rows and two columns. Apart from representing the alphabets and numbers with various combinations of the six dots, they also represent whole words, sometimes in contraction. For instance, contracted braille includes 75 short form words and 180 different letter contractions. These help to reduce the volume of paper necessary for reproducing books in Braille.

To make the six dots for forming the Braille symbols, Joe attached wooden balls atop solenoids. He arranged the solenoids in an array of 2×3, and wired them individually to GPIO pins of an RBPi3.

Being an Android engineer, Joe controls the solenoids through Android Things, running on the RBPi3 as self-booting BrailleBox software. The reader has to push a button, which makes the program fetch a news story using the News API. As the RBPi3 deciphers the alphabets, it operates the solenoids, moving the dots.

Joe’s project is still in prototype stage, and he is yet to move all hardware inside a proper box. He also wants to add a potentiometer, preferably foot operated, so the readers can set their own reading speed.

What is Open Bionics?

There are people all around the world that may loose limbs for various reasons — wars, illness, and accidents being the three major ones. Artificial limbs do alleviate a part of the loss these folks experience, but often, their high cost means not all can afford a prosthetic limb. Open Bionics is a company making affordable bionic arms, making kids feel like superheroes.

A start-up tech company in the UK, Open-Bionics is changing the way people see prostheses. The 3-D printed prostheses Open Bionics makes are nearly 30-times cheaper than those available in the market are. Their biggest advantages are the myoelectric sensors that attach to the skin for detecting muscle movements. Detection of muscle movement controls the artificial hand in closing and opening fingers.

The bionic arms that Open Bionics makes are custom-built for individual children and require about 40 hours for manufacturing them. As the child grows, a revolutionary socket adjusts to the changing size. As these are small and lightweight, children as young as eight can use the bionic arms with ease.

According to the COO and co-founder of Open Bionics, Samantha Payne, they work with the NHS for creating prosthetics that are affordable and highly functional. These are meant especially for children, and come with removable covers—allowing them to choose whether they want to be Queen Elsa, or an Avenger today.

The company has a royalty-free agreement with Disney. That means they can base the removable covers on the bionic arms on characters from Star Wars, Frozen, Iron Man, and more—this can be life changing for small children, as Samantha Payne assures. For instance, Tilly Lockey, who is testing the latest model from Open Bionics, has a prototype hand themed on Deus Ex, a video game.

Open Bionics builds assistive devices offering people who use them greater freedom and independence. Moreover, as the devices are affordable, it brings bionic technology within the reach of most patients. That is why trials of bionic arms are reaching children as young as eight.

Most available prostheses do not suit young patients, as they are either way too big or very expensive. The 3-D printed bionic limbs from Open Bionics are different as they are custom-built to suit small sizes, and they are affordable. Samantha Payne feels highly satisfied seeing a young child moving their fingers individually for the first time.

Rather than making a drab skin-colored artificial limb, Open Bionics is making their arms belong to the science fiction universe. With themes from Star Wars, Disney, and Marvel, kids feel proud when wearing their prostheses. As these arms are sleek and super stylish, amputee children can identify them with their personalities and that is what makes them and the people at Open Bionics so excited.

At Open Bionics, the task begins with scanning the person’s limb using a tablet. A plan for the design of the prostheses follows, leading to a 3-D printout. The result is a low-cost, multi-grip, and lightweight bionic arm with great control. The royalty-free theme designs make the device hyper-personalized. The presence of nearly 5 million upper-limb amputees worldwide gives an estimate of the market potential for Open Bionics.

Less Expensive 3D Printing

3-D printing is no longer a new technology. Several design studios use it, along with some home users who make their products using 3-D printers. However, the general opinion is it is expensive, slow, and unable to compete with traditional mass-manufacturing processes. Although considered a revolutionary technology, so far, 3-D printing has remained on the periphery.

Now, a Massachusetts company is trying to prove the general opinion wrong. Desktop Metal is coming out with a 3-D metal printing system so fast, safe, and cheaper than any existing system, they claim it will compete directly with the traditional methods of mass manufacturing. In their Studio System, Desktop Metal presented an office-friendly, fully automated sintering furnace that had fast cycle times and a peak temperature of 1400°C. This allowed it to sinter a wide variety of materials.

On one hand, home users and design studios can afford only cheap ABS plastic printing materials on their desktop printers. On the other, organizations such as Boeing and NASA are going for laser-melted metal printing. Overall, the entire process of 3-D printing is very slow, expensive, and unable to scale up or scale down.

Desktop Metal, out of Massachusetts, is headed by a team among who are some that had first thought of additive manufacturing. They claim to have the right technology and machinery that is going to give the necessary impetus to 3-D printing to make it into big time.

Desktop Metal is claiming it can make metal printing reliable and up to 100 times faster than existing speeds and at 10 times cheaper initial costs. By using a much wider range of alloys, they claim they will incur 20 times cheaper material costs compared to the existing laser technologies. In fact, their machines may be the precursors for large-scale 3-D manufacturing.

In reality, Desktop Metal is presenting two systems. One of them is the Studio System and the other a production system. While the production system is meant for mass manufacturers, the studio system offers rapid, cheap metal prototyping aimed towards engineering groups.

The Studio System from Desktop Metal costs ten times lower than its equivalent laser system. It is also many times more safe and practical to keep in an office. Unlike the laser system, the Studio System does not use hazardous metal powders that are sometimes explosive or dangerous lasers. The Studio System may be placed anywhere in the office, as it does not require specialized ventilation installation, nor does it require operators wearing gas masks.

The metals offered by Desktop Metal are usually in rod form, bound with polymer binding agents, and shipped in cartridges. However, almost anything usable in a Metal Injection Molding system is acceptable to the Studio System. That means a wide variety of metal options including aluminum, bronze, copper, a range of stainless steels, 4140 chromoly steel, titanium, Hiperco 50 magnetic, and more than two hundred other alloys.

When running, the printer prints layers of bound metal parts. These have to go through a de-binding bath to remove most of the binding polymer. The parts can then go into the sintering furnace.